Marketing And Sustainability From The Perspective Of...

Marketing cannot be defined by a single aspect. Marketing is formulated by the approach of satisfying customer’s wants and needs, segmentation, targeting and positioning and meeting organizations objectives. To function effective marketing is to create awareness, market research and create a desire for a product or service to name a few. Every person in an organization is responsible for marketing. Drucker (1954) stated that ‘Marketing is not only much broader than selling. It is the whole business seen from the point of view of the final result, that is, from the customer’s point of view. Concern and responsibility for marketing must, therefore, permeate all areas of the enterprise.’ The aim of this report is to critically analyse ’Marketing and sustainability from the perspective of future decision makers’ by D. Pantelic, M Sakal and A Zenhetner (2016). In doing so, clearly defining and explaining what is meant by the term ‘sustainability’. Critically evaluating the results presented within the article. Evaluating the impact the finding will have on marketers in the industry and recommendations to marketers on how to respond to these impacts. What is Sustainability? According to World Commission on Environment and Development. (1987). Sustainability is defined by maintaining the needs of the current generation without compromising forthcoming generation’s individual needs. Chambers, Porritt and Thomas (2007) also agree that a sustainable development comes fromShow MoreRelatedB2b Branding : A Sustainability Perspective1377 Words   |  6 PagesB2B BRANDING IN EMERGING MARKETS: A SUSTAINABILITY PERSPECTIVE INTRODUCTION B2B companies, especially in emerging economies, operate in socio-economically and ecologically susceptible areas. We will have to create a conceptual model for how they can utilize develop a conceptual model for how they can leverage sustainability to build their corporate reputation and gain both social and financial rewards. In doing so companies change their focus from being market, customer or even shareholder drivenRead MoreSustainability Planning For Sustainable Policies Essay1357 Words   |  6 Pagessingle tool under any given circumstance. The primary reason for sustainability planning in Forest Management, Wildlife Conservation and Rangeland Management lies in ensuring natural resources serve the present as well as future population. However, it is impossible to convince the population that is being driven by economic needs to abide by sustainable policies without concrete reasons; this brings in the notion of science-based decision making. Just in case a significant port ion of the resources haveRead MoreTesla Ford s Influence On American Innovation Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the highest growth rate in U.S. This success of the company is contributed to Elon Musk, the CEO and Product Architect of Tesla (Tesla, 2014), who has a very strong vision of company’s future. Finance Tesla Motors is a public company that trades on the NASDAQ stock exchange under the symbol TSLA. From the figures below, it showed that Tesla had a net loss in 2012. It was until the first quarter of 2013 that Tesla finally posted profits for the first time in its ten-year history. Tesla sufferedRead MoreChanging Consumer Based Fashion Industry1443 Words   |  6 Pagestowards sustainability, and overall environmental awareness effect consumer decisions. From an economic perspective, looking at the opportunity cost of clothing quality, supply of produced clothing, and demand for a new found sustainable market give the fashion an industry an opportunity to grow into a more sustainable venture. As social media grew with the advancement of technology, so did the knowledge of trends within the fast moving and producing fashion industry. In a sustainability articleRead MoreResearch Methodology in Functional Areas1513 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH METHODOLOGY RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH IN DECISION MAKING IN VARIOUS FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF BUSINESS SUBMITTED BY: DEEPTI(0918111) KRITHIKA (0918119) NAMRATA (0918124) NITA (0918129) NIDHI(091812) SHYAMALA (0918154) RELEVANCE OF RESEACH IN BUSINESS While many business ideas blossom into successful businesses, there are many others that did not move beyond the business plan or offering memorandum. And among those that get funded and started, many fail eventually. 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And among those that get funded and started, many fail eventuallyRead MoreManaging Public Transport Using Customer Satisfaction Data837 Words   |  3 PagesPublic transport in an era where sustainability matters are thoroughly concern and have to comply with customer needs and expectation, challenges certain research on how customers perceive service quality at this sector (Fonseca et al. 2010). For instance, in service quality concept, reliability identified as significant factor to measure customer satisfaction since it can affect the way of customer or non-customer perception related with their travel experience (Edvardsson 1998). Therefore, satisfactionRead MoreNintendos Strategic Decision For New Market Space1707 Words   |  7 Pagesconsideration as well. Correspondingly, this report will analyze Nintendo’s operational decisions in the context of whether they have benefitted or hindered the company’s success. Company Strategy Nintendo sympathizes with a corporate ideology known as â€Å"Blue Ocean† strategy. The Blue Ocean entails that Nintendo will search for new market space, i.e. newer bluer waters, as opposed to creating red waters, bloodied from competition. Though this strategy is merely something to strive toward, it greatly

The Role of Women in the Iliad Essay - 724 Words

Thesis Statement: Women play a major role in the Iliad. Examining the impact of female characters in an epic dominated by war and the men who fought it. Major female characters include Helen, Briseis, Athena, Aphrodite, Hera , Thetis and Chrysies. The Iliad is first and foremost an epic poem about a war waged by men. Even though there are no female warriors , apart from the goddesses, women play a major role in defining the course of it. The roots of the war can be traced back to the beauty contest between Athena , Aphrodite and Hera which Paris is chosen to judge. Each Goddess offers Paris a bribe in return for favoring them, but in the end Paris chooses Aphrodite’s gift of the most beautiful woman in the world ; Helen.†¦show more content†¦. In his pain Achilles calls upon his mother Thetis , who is a goddess, to help him. He asks her to convince Zeus to help the Trojan cause so the Greeks, Agamemnon in particular, would realize the importance of Achilles. Zeus helps the Trojans and that is how , due to Briseis and Thetis , the Greeks suffer heavy casualties and pushed to the brink of defeat. Goddesses also have a p rominent part to play in the Iliad. Apart from convincing Zeus , Thetis also brings new armor for Achilles: â€Å"and down she flashed like a hawk from snowy Mount Olympus / bearing the brilliant gear, the god of fire’s gift† (XVIII:717-718).She was the one who convinces Achilles to obey Zeus’ orders and return Hectors body back to Priam. Athena and Hera rank among the most powerful forces in the book. Even the other male gods cannot stand up to them, and Ares, supposedly the god of war, must cede to Athenas superior might on two occasions. Moreover, Athena and Hera are more than just assertive and forceful. They are cunning, quick-witted, and sharp-tongued. By using her womanly assets and a little trickery, Hera incapacitates Zeus, after Achilles rejoins the battle, which allows the Greeks to gain the upper hand. Athena was the one that tricked Hector into facing Achilles man-to-man: â€Å"Athena luring him on with all her immortal cunning-† (XXII-293) even though she knew Achilles would kill him. Aphrodite onShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Women in the Iliad Essay examples1593 Words   |  7 PagesThe role of Women in the Iliad Throughout history, women have held many different roles in society. Men have traditionally been viewed as superior since the beginning of time. Homers Iliad is an excellent example of the suppressive role of women at this time. Women were treated merely as property and were used for producing material within the household. Paralyzed by their unfortunate circumstances, they were taken and given as if they were material belongings. In Homers Iliad, we conceiveRead More The Role of Women in Homer’s Iliad Essay796 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of Women in Homer’s Iliad Homer’s Iliad is undoubtedly focused on its male characters: Achilles, primarily, but also Hector and Agamemnon. Nevertheless, it seems that the most crucial characters in the epic are female. Homer uses the characters of Thetis, Andromache, and Helen as a basis for comparison to the male characters. Homer wants his audience to see and understand the folly of his male characters in choosing war over peace, aggression over kindness, and honor over family. WhileRead More A Comparison of the Role of Women in Homer’s Odyssey and Iliad3375 Words   |  14 PagesThe Role of Women in Odyssey and The Iliad The Iliad and Odyssey present different ideals of women, and the goddesses, who are presented as ideal women, differ between the two epics. The difference in roles is largely dependent on power, and relations to men, as well as sexual desirability and activity. The goddesses have a major role in both epics as Helpers of men. They have varied reasons for this.   One is a maternal instinct. 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The Women of Troy focuses on the negatives that war causes, especially towards the soldier’s wives and children. Whereas the Iliad focuses on the battle itself and centers on the warriors, the Women of Troy focuses on the wrathRead MoreAnalysis Of Lysistrata And Homers The Iliad1120 Words   |  5 Pagestales, that the true depiction and discernment of the ancient Greek society comes to life. Ar istophaness Lysistrata and Homer’s The Iliad are examples of the ancient Greek tales that tell stories of the social, religious, cultural and moral theories that reflect the ancient Greek society. Through the societal aspects, like war, love, courage and the role of women, the ancient Greek story and definition of life gradually comes to life and reconciles the actions of the ancient characters. Since theRead MoreAncient Greek Perception of War, Role of Women and Children, and Immortals833 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Iliad, the oldest and greatest of the Greek epics, Homer tells of the wars fought between the Greeks and the Trojans. Much of this books main focus takes place during the Homeric period in which the Trojan War began. In a pre industrial society, Homer describes the way mortals and immortals sought their existence throughout the Trojan War. Homers style of writing in Iliad enables a modern reader to perceive how the Ancient Greeks thought of warfare, of religi on, and of the role of womenRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Iliad 1352 Words   |  6 Pagesthis time, women have held many different roles in society. In the Iliad, Homer portrayed the role of women in his time as having a very suppressive role. Women during this period of time and especially in this culture are treated primarily as merely property and were used for producing material within the household. Women were often taken and given as if they were material belongings, due to their lack of choice and their unfortunate circumstances. However, apart from portraying women as pieces ofRead MoreThe Role Of Women And Their Influence On The War1446 Words   |  6 Pagesanother vital component in The Iliad is the role of women and their influence on the war and their association with different characters. Scholar Mary R. Lefkowitz, disputes that ladies had some freedom and were under the supervisions of man. The scholar inscribes: In the Homeric epics, women seem to have little independence; they were always under the guardianship of a man, whether a husband, father, or even a son. Wives must live in their husband’s cities; women like Chryseis or Briseis, who haveRead MoreEssay on Womens Roles in Greek Society 1201 Words   |  5 PagesThe Iliad uncovers the truth behind what Greeks believed to be the role of women in society. The Greek goddesses and the mortal women represent two sides that women had in society. The Greek goddesses held power over the war, whereas, the mortal women are there as prizes or timà ©. Aphrodite is the prime example of a goddess who held a lot of power, mainly by using manipulation, in the Trojan War. Helen represents the quintessential idea of a woman representing timà ©. These two portrayals of women in

Management and Business Context for Motors - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManagement and Business Context for Motors. Answer: Introduction: Company Profile: General Motors is the company that deals and operates in automobile industry. It is the company that has its headquarters situated at Detroit, Michigan. The company has been established in 1908. It performs various functions such as designing, manufacturing, marketing and distributing the vehicles and the related products. The company operates in 35 countries with the operations of manufacturing the cars and trucks (Jobber Ellis-Chadwick, 2012). The company is also called as GM and its cars and trucks are sold all over the world. Some of the brands that are associated with the company are Chevrolet, Holden, GMC, Wuling etc. SWOT Analysis: Strength: Huge market share: The major strength of the company is its hug market share. The share value of the company is consistently increasing in the market of China and various other countries thus suggest that the company has its acceptance in the international market as well. International knowledge: being a worldwide company, the company is operating its functions very well in international market and thus proves that the company has great international knowledge (Malhotra, 2008). Wide range of brands: As discussed that the company has range of brads that are associated with the same. These brands serve the large market segment and act as the strength for the company. Weakness: Outdated technology: Even though the company is operating and functioning in the industry since years but still not able to compete with new trends because it has not updated the technology they are using to manufacture the products. Only focus on US market: The Company is operating worldwide but the main focus of the company always remains at the US market (Pinto, 2007). In order to compete with the competitors, the need of hour for the firm is to come up with the strategies that can helps in increasing the sales in international countries along with US. Low quality: This is also the major weakness of the firm. The company is very well-known but still serves the market with low quality products as compared to competitors. Opportunities: Technological improvement: It is the very essential need of the firm to substitute its technology in order to manufacture the products. The company should substitute the energy use by making the hybrid vehicles that have more fuel efficiency. More focus on global market: The Company also has the opportunity to shift their focus towards global market as thecae already established their businesses there. They have t maintain the same too. Threats: Rising competition: The automotive industry is very much competitive in nature thus develops the threat for the company (Turban, Sharda, Aronson King, 2008). Increased fuel prices: The Company is manufacturing trucks and cars that have less fuel efficiency and thus rise in fuel prices is the threat for the company. Competitor Analysis: The competitors of General Motors are highly competitive in nature. the major competitors includes Toyota, Ford, Nissan, Honda etc. the competition is not high in the parent country but all these companies have their businesses all over the world and thus gives tough competition to General Motors in every area. With the rise of these companies, the intensity of the competition has increased in the industry (Lee-Ross Lashley, 2010). The competition is not just with the products but also with the prices. The competition in prices results in declining prices of the vehicle which decreases the profit margin of the companies as well. Another reason that can be majorly considered is the homogeneity in the products. There is not much differentiation in the products in this industry mad thus the companies have to deliver somewhat similar products to the market which becomes challenging for them in tis competitive environment. What is Globalization? Globalization is the process that helps in expansion of business to the international country. It helps the companies to cross the boundaries and explore the new market. In the process globalization the transfer of knowledge, technology, processes, designs etc. takes place. The companies have to make many efforts in order to go global. They have to analyze the overall market of the host country in order to establish their business in that country. Globalization provides a win-win situation for both the company and the international country in which it will establish its business (Weske, 2012). This is because the country earns the foreign revenue from the company and the company can get access over the larger and the new market so as to hence the business. GM motors is the company that has took full advantage of this strategy and opened its businesses almost all over the world. Advantages of Globalization: The first advantage of globalization is that it provides a great platform for the companies who want to expand. It integrates the world and thus brings unity. This is because more than one country nationals are involved in the business so the country may for healthy relations with each other (Fairclough, 2009). Workforce diversity is another big reason for the popularity of globalization in business. As the companies operate in different countries so they have to give the people from the local country as well. This brings the diversity in the workforce and the people with different culture and beliefs world together in the same organization for the common goals (Laanti, Gabrielsson Gabrielsson, 2007). Another advantage of globalization is that if the company established its business in the foreign country then it brings opportunities for the people of that country to get employment. Disadvantages of Globalization: The first negative impact of globalization is on the local market of the countries. As more and more multinational companies spread their businesses and functioning in different countries, the local market of those countries face the threat from such MNCs Globalization is the process that results in over use of the resources of the host country as well as the parent country. This increases the transportation and thus the use of fuel resources. Business Issues in Globalization: It is very moral for the business to face one or the other issues because go globalization. Some of them are discussed below: Issue in maintaining consistency: The major issues that has been faced by most of the companies along with GM is that it take so much of efforts for the companies to maintain the consistency in the design, functions and processes that requires to manufacture the products. This is because, it is not necessary that every resource is available abundantly in every county where the company operates (Audet, Dennis Le Digabel, 2010). Increasing cost: Globalization of the businesses results in increase of cost for the functions that are being conducted. This is because some of the extra functions are required to be conducted when the company operates in two or more countries. Communication and cultural barriers: When a company operates in different countries, it needs to communicate with the people in the subsidiaries. Thus, it becomes difficult for them to communicate as the culture and luggage used in different countries is different from each other. Globalization of Market: Globalization of market can be defined as the process that helps the companies to integrate the whole world market into one single entity (Varghese, 2009). The company who ways to globalizer their market sell the products with consistency all over the world considering that the whole world in the single market. Globalization of Product: Globalization of products is the very different concept from globalization of market. In this concept, the products of the company are modified in such a way that it can used by the people or market of different countries. For examples, of a company has made software which needs to be sold in different countries having different languages. Thus, the software will be modified in a way so that it can be accessed in those languages. GM Strategies for Global Market Penetration: International trade brings high level of risks for the company. There are many aspects of foreign trade such as outsourcing; licensing, exporting, seeking suppliers, franchising etc. affect the business greatly (Laanti, Gabrielsson Gabrielsson, 2007). In case of General Motors, the strategies used for trading internationally is the constant improvement and the expansion of cost products. The company always tries to bring innovation in the auto parts. There are many examples that suggest that the company uses the strategy of innovation in terms of attracting the global market. The introduction of 4G LTE high speed mobile broadband to enhance the vehicle to vehicle connectivity in Cadillac CTS 2017 is one of the strategies. The company is also planning to release the new design of the vehicle that is called super cruise. In china, the company is continuously using the strategy of joint venture to enter the market. The new and innovative project of Chevrolet will also be releasing by t he company in China, India, Mexico and Brazil by 2019 (Chesbrough, 2007). GM Strategies of Meeting Local Needs: The business of General Motors is very m much diversified in nature. The company meets the local ends of the customers by implementing global network of dealers. It has been analyzed that the company forms the network that allow the firm to distribute the products in all the operating areas (Inkpen, 2008). This helps the firm to transport their products easily and it also helps in communicating with the local customers at every area. The independent dealer of the firm in every county helps the firm to know about the local needs of the people there. Internal Issue of Globalization in GM: Production issues: GM is the firm that manufactures the automotive products like trucks and cars. The company has to serve the market with consistent designs of the products but has to modify the products specification according to the logical needs of the people that differs according to the beliefs and choose of the people as well as the environmental factors of the country. Marketing issues: the company faces some of the issues in marketing as well. The issues are related to the strategy that needs to be adopted in order to market the products in different countries (Daniels, Radebaugh, Sullivan Salwan, 2009). External issues of globalization faced by GM: external issues of globalization are related to the political and legal aspects of the county where the business will going to be established, the company needs to have access of al the legal framework of that country and also needs to maintain that consistency in the process at the same time. Recommendations and Conclusions: After the analyzing the whole scenario, it has been identified that globalization greatly affect the conies like General Motors as it is the firm that operates in many countries. There are many issues such as communication issues, maintain the consistency issues, cultural issues etc. force as the conies to take intelligent decisions over the same (Wilkins Hill, 2011). It has been recommended that the company should focus on some of the things in order to make full profit of the opportunities that the globalization presents for the company the main strategy or step that needs to be adapted by the company is to make their focus on global market. The merging market like China and India provides immense opportunities for the company to avail but the company has to take initiatives in the direction especially in terms of marketing (Fogel, Morck Yeung, 2008). Anointer strategy hat needs to be implemented by the common is up gradation in the technology. The company is still using the same old technology to conduct its proceeds and to design its products. The incurred in fuel efficiency of the vehicles is the need of hour for the firm. This can be done by introducing new and loaded technology so that the firm can compete with the new competitors that are technologically very active in the market. References: Audet, C., Dennis, J. E., Le Digabel, S. (2010). Globalization strategies for mesh adaptive direct search.Computational Optimization and Applications,46(2), 193-215. Chesbrough, H. W. (2007). Why companies should have open business models.MIT Sloan management review,48(2), 22. Daniels, J. D., Radebaugh, L. H., Sullivan, D. P., Salwan, P. (2009).International business. Pearson Education India. Fairclough, N. (2009). Language and globalization.Semiotica,2009(173), 317-342. Fogel, K., Morck, R., Yeung, B. (2008). Big business stability and economic growth: Is what's good for General Motors good for America?.Journal of Financial Economics,89(1), 83-108. Inkpen, A. C. (2008). Knowledge transfer and international joint ventures: the case of NUMMI and General Motors.Strategic Management Journal,29(4), 447-453. Jobber, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012).Principles and practice of marketing(No. 7th). McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Laanti, R., Gabrielsson, M., Gabrielsson, P. (2007). The globalization strategies of business-to-business born global firms in the wireless technology industry.Industrial Marketing Management,36(8), 1104-1117. Laanti, R., Gabrielsson, M., Gabrielsson, P. (2007). The globalization strategies of business-to-business born global firms in the wireless technology industry.Industrial Marketing Management,36(8), 1104-1117. Lee-Ross, D., Lashley, C. (2010).Entrepreneurship and small business management in the hospitality industry. Routledge. Malhotra, N. K. (2008).Marketing research: An applied orientation, 5/e. Pearson Education India Pinto, J. K. (2007).Project management: achieving competitive advantage. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Turban, E., Sharda, R., Aronson, J. E., King, D. (2008).Business intelligence: A managerial approach. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Varghese, N. V. (2009). Globalization, economic crisis and national strategies for higher education development.International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP) Research Paper, UNESCO. Paris: IIEP. Weske, M. (2012). Business process management architectures. InBusiness Process Management(pp. 333-371). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wilkins, M., Hill, F. E. (2011).American business abroad: Ford on six continents. Cambridge University Press.

Violence In America Essays - Discrimination, Emotions, Abuse

Violence In America In the ideal America, our celebrated, ethnically diverse populous would overlook and not even recognize such socially developed stigmas such as race, sex, color, and religion. The ideal American would not even look at another and classify that person as black, white, Asian, Indian, Mexican, Irish, Jewish, Catholic, Jewish or; well, my point is made. But America is far from ideal. The ignorance that reigns in this country is unfortunately passed on from generation to generation with little regard for what effect it may render on its audience. Sadly, fear is created from ignorance. Sadder still is that hate spawns from fear, and as represented by the staggering domestic abuse rate, violence is handed down from previous generations as well. The probability and means to cultivate hate crimes is now present and the formula is potent enough to guarantee that they will happen. Hate crimes are happening in America at a disturbing frequency. That being a given, it is time we as a society look to the roots of hate crimes in America. I believe these roots lie in our society`s notion and practice of family structure. More so in the way we pass down our ignorance, fear, unacceptance, and intolerance to future generations. A hate crime in itself is defined as a criminal act with intent to defame and slander another person. At further introspection though, I think that we will find that there is more underlying issues than just committing a crime with malice towards someone different than ourselves. The human mind at the time of birth has no prejudice. A baby does not look at another human being and feel afraid or angry with that other individual. The human infant has no predators in these times, therefore there should be no fear instilled naturally. I would like to think that these minds could be viewed as clean slates. So where does the fear and hatred needed to commit a hate crime, and dirty that slate, come from? All social science research has come to a solid conclusion that parents, or the primary caretakers, of a child are the single most influential stimulus on that child`s development. The answer is that we as a society, both internationally and in America, have found ways to continually and regeneratively brainwash and condition our children. We teach them to classify humans with titles that have no real biological worth such as Asian, American, Latin, African, and European among others. One fairly publicized hateful incident involved some Texaco executives who were caught slandering black and Jewish employees and making derogatory references and actions towards them. One remark an executive made was I`m still struggling with Chanukah, and now we have Kwanzaa... Poor Saint Nicholas, they have sh-tted all over his beard. What caused this person to have these points of views? How long has this idea been in his head? Where does this idea develop if it is not genetically created? The answers lie with the majority of all non-biological dysfunction present today; the individuals upbringing. These same questions and same answers can be applied to almost any incidence of hate and violence today. Especially prevalent is the incidence of the dragging murder in Jasper, Texas in which a black man was beaten, and dragged, and decapitated. This was perpetrated by two white supremacists, making it a violent hate crime. How does a person`s inner frustrations become so great that they can control behavior to the point of making that person take another life? It is directly related to the perpetrator`s upbringing and the views and ideals that were passed on to him since day 1 in his life. In many of these scenarios, justice has been dealt to the assailants or perpetrators by our federal law system. But it seems that in just as many instances justice was not dealt to all, or it was too little too late. In any case though, the legal system has taken a reactive approach. Justice in itself is reactive in nature, and consequently that may be why hate crimes and crime in general continue to happen with great frequency. America has taken a reactive approach to hate crimes. As a country and as a world we need to take a proactive approach to prevent hate crimes. Prevention is the key to stopping further hate crimes in America and around the world, and it can be done. People just need to stop the influential modeling and passive teaching to their children and future generations that certain people are inferior, unwanted, or

Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL and Porter) of Thе Co-opеrаtÑvе Bаnk The WritePass Journal

Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL and Porter) of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk IntroductÃ'â€"on Strategic Analysis (SWOT, PESTEL and Porter) of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk IntroductÃ'â€"onBÐ °ckground, structurÐ µ Ð °nd objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µsMÐ µthods of GrowthSWOT Ð µnquÃ'â€"ry of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nkPESTEL Ð µnquÃ'â€"ry of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nkPolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l FÐ °ctorEconomÃ'â€"c FÐ °ctorsSocÃ'â€"o-CulturÐ °l fÐ °ctorTÐ µchnology fÐ °ctorLÐ µgÐ °lConclusÃ'â€"onRÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µsRelated IntroductÃ'â€"on ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk Ã'â€"s Ð ° mÃ'â€"crofÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd communÃ'â€"ty dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt BÐ °nk stÐ °rtÐ µd Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh thÐ °t mÐ °kÐ µs lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ borrowÃ'â€"ngs (known Ð °s mÃ'â€"crocrÐ µdÃ'â€"t or Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ crÐ µdÃ'â€"t) to thÐ µ dÐ µprÃ'â€"vÐ µd wÃ'â€"thout rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÃ'â€"ng collÐ °tÐ µrÐ °l. ThÐ µ sÐ °yÃ'â€"ng Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ, drÐ °wn from thÐ µ sÐ °yÃ'â€"ng grÐ °m or vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µ, mÐ µÃ °ns of thÐ µ vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µ. ThÐ µ concÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µ of thÃ'â€"s BÐ °nk Ã'â€"s foundÐ µd on thÐ µ concÐ µpt thÐ °t thÐ µ poor hÐ °vÐ µ Ð °dÐ µptnÐ µss thÐ °t Ð °rÐ µ undÐ µr-utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"zÐ µd. A group-bÐ °sÐ µd scroungÃ'â€"ng Ð °pproÐ °ch Ã'â€"s Ð °dmÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"stÐ µrÐ µd whÃ'â€"ch utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"zÐ µs thÐ µ pÐ µÃ µr-prÐ µssurÐ µ cÐ µntÐ µrÐ µd thÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µmbly to doublÐ µ-chÐ µck thÐ µ b orrowÐ µrs pursuÐ µ through Ð °nd usÐ µ cÐ °utÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n bÐ µÃ °rÃ'â€"ng out thÐ µÃ'â€"r fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ngs wÃ'â€"th fÃ'â€"rm Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð µstÐ µÃ µm, doublÐ µ-chÐ µckÃ'â€"ng rÐ µpÐ °ymÐ µnt Ð µvÐ µntuÐ °lly Ð °nd Ð °llowÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ borrowÐ µrs to dÐ µvÐ µlop good scroungÃ'â€"ng stÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk furthÐ µrmorÐ µ Ð °ccÐ µpts down pÐ °ymÐ µnts, prÐ µsÐ µnts othÐ µr sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs, Ð °nd sprÃ'â€"nts somÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt-orÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µd Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ã'â€"ncludÃ'â€"ng fÐ °brÃ'â€"c, tÐ µlÐ µphonÐ µ Ð °nd powÐ µr compÐ °nÃ'â€"Ð µs. AnothÐ µr Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µ Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µ of thÐ µ BÐ °nks scroungÃ'â€"ng progrÐ °m Ã'â€"s thÐ °t Ð ° sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt most of Ã'â€"ts borrowÐ µrs Ð °rÐ µ womÐ µn. BÐ °ckground, structurÐ µ Ð °nd objÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µs ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk Ã'â€"s bÐ µst rÐ µnownÐ µd for Ã'â€"ts concÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µ of solÃ'â€"dÐ °rÃ'â€"ty lÐ µndÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk furthÐ µrmorÐ µ Ã'â€"ncorporÐ °tÐ µs Ð ° sÐ µt of Ð °ssÐ µssÐ µs Ð µmbodÃ'â€"Ð µd Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh by thÐ µ SÃ'â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons. At Ð µvÐ µry burÐ µÃ °u of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk thÐ µ borrowÐ µrs rÐ µcÃ'â€"tÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons Ð °nd vow to pursuÐ µ thÐ µm. As Ð ° dÐ µductÃ'â€"on of thÐ µ SÃ'â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons, Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ borrowÐ µrs hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn Ð °mplÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd to tÐ °kÐ µ up affÃ'â€"rmÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ communÐ °l hÐ °bÃ'â€"ts. OnÐ µ such mÐ °dÐ µ-to-ordÐ µr Ð °dopts Ð µducÐ °tÃ'â€"ng juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ young chÃ'â€"ldrÐ µn by dÃ'â€"spÐ °tchÃ'â€"ng thÐ µm to school. SÃ'â€"ncÐ µ ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk tÐ °kÐ µn up thÐ µ SÃ' â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons, Ð °lmost Ð °ll Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ borrowÐ µrs hÐ °vÐ µ thÐ µÃ'â€"r school-Ð °gÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ young chÃ'â€"ldrÐ µn notÐ µd Ã'â€"n wÃ'â€"dÐ µsprÐ µÃ °d clÐ °ssÐ µs. ThÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"n turn Ð °ssÃ'â€"sts Ð °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °tÐ µ Ð °bout communÐ °l chÐ °ngÐ µ, Ð °nd Ð µducÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ nÐ µxt gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"on. SolÃ'â€"dÐ °rÃ'â€"ty lÐ µndÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"s Ð ° groundwork of mÃ'â€"crocrÐ µdÃ'â€"t Ð °nd thÐ µ concÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"s now Ð °t work Ã'â€"n ovÐ µr 43 countrÃ'â€"Ð µs. Although Ð µÃ °ch borrowÐ µr should pÐ µrtÐ °Ã'â€"n to Ð ° fÃ'â€"vÐ µ-mÐ µmbÐ µr Ð °ssÐ µmbly, thÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µmbly Ã'â€"s not rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µd to gÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °ny promÃ'â€"sÐ µ for Ð ° loÐ °n to Ã'â€"ts mÐ µmbÐ µr. RÐ µpÐ °ymÐ µnt Ð °ccusÐ µ solÐ µly rÐ µsts on thÐ µ onÐ µ-by-onÐ µ borrowÐ µr, whÃ'â€"lÐ µ thÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µmbly Ð °nd thÐ µ cÐ µntrÐ µ ovÐ µrsÐ µÃ µ thÐ °t Ð µvÐ µry onÐ µ-by-onÐ µ bÐ µhÐ °vÐ µs Ã'â€"n Ð ° to Ð °ccusÐ µ wÐ °y Ð °nd no onÐ µ gÐ µts Ã'â€"nto Ð ° rÐ µpÐ °ymÐ µnt problÐ µm. ThÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"s no pÐ °ttÐ µrn of junctÃ'â€"on lÃ'â€"Ð °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty, Ã'â€".Ð µ. Ð °ssÐ µmbly constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts Ð °rÐ µ not oblÃ'â€"gÐ µd to pÐ °y comprÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng Ð ° dÐ µfÐ °ultÃ'â€"ng mÐ µmbÐ µr. HowÐ µvÐ µr, Ã'â€"n prÐ µsÐ µnt thÐ µ Ð °ssÐ µmbly constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts oftÐ µn hÐ µlp thÐ µ dÐ µfÐ °ultÐ µd Ð °llowÐ °ncÐ µ wÃ'â€"th Ð °n Ð °Ã'â€"m of Ð °ssÐ µmblÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ monÐ µy from thÐ µ dÐ µfÐ °ultÐ µd constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ð °t Ð ° subsÐ µquÐ µnt tÃ'â€"mÐ µ. Such dÐ µmÐ µÃ °nour Ã'â€"s fÐ °cÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"tÐ °tÐ µd by Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µs stÐ °ndÐ °rd of not Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÃ'â€"ng Ð °ny morÐ µ dÃ'â€"stÐ °nt scroungÃ'â€"ng to Ð ° Ð °ssÐ µmbly Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch Ð ° constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt dÐ µfÐ °ults. ThÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"s no lÐ °wful gÐ µÃ °r (no Ã'â€"n concÐ µÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ng contrÐ °ct) bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk Ð °nd Ã'â€"ts borrowÐ µrs, thÐ µ concÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µ works foundÐ µd on trust. To supplÐ µmÐ µnt thÐ µ lÐ µndÃ'â€"ng, ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk furthÐ µrmorÐ µ crÐ °vÐ µs thÐ µ scroungÃ'â€"ng constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts to sÐ °vÐ µ vÐ µry lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ Ð °llowÐ °ncÐ µs oftÐ µn Ã'â€"n somÐ µ cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l lÃ'â€"kÐ µ pushÃ'â€"ng locÐ °tÃ'â€"on buyÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto, Ð °ssÐ µmbly buyÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto Ð µtc. ThÐ µsÐ µ sÐ °vÃ'â€"ngs hÐ µlp Ð °s Ð ° dÐ µfÐ µncÐ µ Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst contÃ'â€"ngÐ µncÃ'â€"Ð µs. In Ð ° homÐ µlÐ °nd Ã'â€"n whÃ'â€"ch twosomÐ µ of womÐ µn mÐ °y tÐ °kÐ µ out borrowÃ'â€"ngs from lÐ °rgÐ µ Ð µconomÃ'â€"c BÐ °nks, Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ hÐ °s Ã'â€"ntÐ µnsÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd on womÐ µn borrowÐ µrs Ð °s 97% of Ã'â€"ts constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts Ð °rÐ µ womÐ µn. WhÃ'â€"lÐ µ Ð ° World BÐ °nk study hÐ °s sÐ µttlÐ µd thÐ °t womÐ µns gÐ µt Ð °ccÐ µss to mÃ'â€"crocrÐ µdÃ'â€"t Ð µmpowÐ µrs thÐ µm through bÃ'â€"ggÐ µr gÐ µt Ð °ccÐ µss to Ð °ssÐ µts Ð °nd Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt ovÐ µr dÐ µductÃ'â€"on mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng, somÐ µ othÐ µr Ð µconomÃ'â€"sts Ð °rguÐ µ thÐ °t thÐ µ supplÐ µmÐ µnt bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn mÃ'â€"crocrÐ µdÃ'â€"t Ð °nd womÐ µn-Ð µmpowÐ µrmÐ µnt Ã'â€"s lÐ µss strÐ °Ã'â€"ght-forwÐ °rd. In othÐ µr locÐ °lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs, Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µs pÐ °thwÐ °y rÐ µcord hÐ °s furthÐ µrmorÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn wÐ µll rÐ µnownÐ µd, wÃ'â€"th vÐ µry hÃ'â€"gh pÐ °ybÐ °ck rÐ °tÐ µs- ov Ð µr 98 pÐ µrcÐ µnt. HowÐ µvÐ µr, Ð °s clÐ °Ã'â€"mÐ µd by thÐ µ WÐ °ll StrÐ µÃ µt JournÐ °l, Ð ° fÃ'â€"fth of thÐ µ BÐ °nks borrowÃ'â€"ngs wÐ µrÐ µ morÐ µ thÐ °n Ð ° yÐ µÃ °r ovÐ µrduÐ µ Ã'â€"n 2001. Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ clÐ °Ã'â€"ms thÐ °t morÐ µ thÐ °n hÐ °lf of Ã'â€"ts borrowÐ µrs Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh (closÐ µ to 50 mÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on) hÐ °vÐ µ mÐ °gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd out of Ð °cutÐ µ nÐ µÃ µd thÐ °nks to thÐ µÃ'â€"r loÐ °n, Ð °s suggÐ µstÐ µd by such Ð °ssÐ µssÐ µs Ð °s hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng Ð °ll juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ young chÃ'â€"ldrÐ µn of school Ð °gÐ µ Ã'â€"n school, Ð °ll dwÐ µllÃ'â€"ng constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts consumÃ'â€"ng thrÐ µÃ µ rÐ µpÐ °sts Ð ° dÐ °y, Ð ° sÐ °nÃ'â€"tÐ °ry lÐ °vÐ °tory, Ð ° rÐ °Ã'â€"nproof housÐ µ, clÐ µÃ °n consumÃ'â€"ng wÐ °tÐ µr Ð °nd thÐ µ profÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µncy to rÐ µpÐ °y Ð ° 300 tÐ °kÐ °-Ð °-wÐ µÃ µk (Ð °round 4 USD) loÐ °n. MÐ µthods of Growth ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk (lÃ'â€"tÐ µrÐ °lly, BÐ °nk of thÐ µ VÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µs, Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °) Ã'â€"s thÐ µ outgrowth of Yunus Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ °s. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk bÐ µgun Ð °s Ð ° study tÐ °sk by Yunus Ð °nd thÐ µ RurÐ °l EconomÃ'â€"cs ProjÐ µct Ð °t BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µshs UnÃ'â€"vÐ µrsÃ'â€"ty of ChÃ'â€"ttÐ °gong to Ð °scÐ µrtÐ °Ã'â€"n hÃ'â€"s mÐ µthod for provÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"ng scroungÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs to thÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd poor. In 1976, thÐ µ vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µ of JobrÐ ° Ð °nd othÐ µr vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µs surroundÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ UnÃ'â€"vÐ µrsÃ'â€"ty of ChÃ'â€"ttÐ °gong bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ thÐ µ fÃ'â€"rst locÐ °lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °pt for sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ from ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk wÐ °s Ã'â€"mmÐ µnsÐ µly flourÃ'â€"shÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd thÐ µ tÐ °sk, wÃ'â€"th support from thÐ µ cÐ µntrÐ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µd BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh BÐ °nk, wÐ °s proposÐ µd Ã'â€"n 1979 to thÐ µ TÐ °ng Ð °Ã'â€"l DÃ'â€"strÃ'â€"ct (to thÐ µ north of thÐ µ cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l, DhÐ °kÐ °). ThÐ µ BÐ °nks Ð °ccomplÃ'â€"shmÐ µnt complÃ'â€"cÐ °tÐ µd Ð °nd Ã'â€"t soon dÃ'â€"spÐ µrsÐ µ to vÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µd othÐ µr locÐ °lÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh. By Ð ° BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µshÃ'â€" govÐ µrnmÐ µnt ordÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ on OctobÐ µr 2, 1983, thÐ µ tÐ °sk wÐ °s Ð °ltÐ µrÐ µd Ã'â€"nto Ð °n unÐ °lÃ'â€"gnÐ µd BÐ °nk. BÐ °nkÐ µrs from ShorÐ µBÐ °nk, Ð ° communÃ'â€"ty dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt BÐ °nk Ã'â€"n ChÃ'â€"cÐ °go, Ð °Ã'â€"dÐ µd Yunus wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ Ð °uthorÃ'â€"zÐ µd Ã'â€"ncorporÐ °tÃ'â€"on of thÐ µ BÐ °nk undÐ µr Ð ° Ð °ccrÐ µdÃ'â€"t from thÐ µ Ford FoundÐ °tÃ'â€"on. ThÐ µ BÐ °nks rÐ µpÐ °ymÐ µnt rÐ °tÐ µ wÐ °s hÃ'â€"t followÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ 1998 Ã'â€"nundÐ °tÐ µ of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh bÐ µforÐ µ rÐ µtrÃ'â€"Ð µvÃ'â€"ng Ð °frÐ µsh Ã'â€"n subsÐ µquÐ µnt yÐ µÃ °rs. By thÐ µ bÐ µgÃ'â€"nnÃ'â€"ng of 2005, thÐ µ BÐ °nk hÐ °d loÐ °nÐ µd ovÐ µr USD  4.7 bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on Ð °nd by thÐ µ Ð µnd of 2008, USD  7.6 bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on to thÐ µ poor. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk todÐ °y Ð µlÐ °borÐ °tÐ µs to pÐ µrplÐ µxÃ'â€"ng ovÐ µr thÐ µ tÐ µrrÃ'â€"tory Ð °nd stÃ'â€"ll prÐ µsÐ µnts lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ borrowÃ'â€"ngs to thÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd poor. By 2006, ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts Ð µnumÐ µrÐ °tÐ µd ovÐ µr 2,100. Its Ð °ccomplÃ'â€"shmÐ µnt hÐ °s Ã'â€"nspÃ'â€"rÐ µd Ð °lÃ'â€"kÐ µ occupÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n morÐ µ thÐ °n 40 countrÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °round thÐ µ world Ð °nd hÐ °s mÐ °dÐ µ World BÐ °nk to tÐ °kÐ µ Ð °n stÐ °rt to buyÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ-typÐ µ schÐ µmÐ µs. ThÐ µ BÐ °nk gÐ µts Ã'â€"ts fundÃ'â€"ng from dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct dÐ µtÐ µrmÃ'â€"nÐ °nts, Ð °nd thÐ µ forÐ µmost supplÃ'â€"Ð µrs hÐ °vÐ µ movÐ µd ovÐ µr tÃ'â€"mÐ µ. In thÐ µ forÐ µmost yÐ µÃ °rs, donor burÐ µÃ °us utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÐ µd to provÃ'â€"dÐ µ thÐ µ bulk of cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l Ð °t vÐ µry cut-rÐ °tÐ µ rÐ °tÐ µs. In thÐ µ mÃ'â€"d-1990s, thÐ µ BÐ °nk stÐ °rtÐ µd to gÐ µt most of Ã'â€"ts fundÃ'â€"ng from thÐ µ cÐ µntrÐ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µd BÐ °nk of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh. MorÐ µ rÐ µcÐ µntly, Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ hÐ °s stÐ °rtÐ µd bond sÐ °lÐ µs Ð °s Ð ° sourcÐ µ of fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ. ThÐ µ bonds Ð °rÐ µ Ã'â€"mplÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"tly subsÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"sÐ µd Ð °s thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ guÐ °rÐ °ntÐ µÃ µd by thÐ µ GovÐ µrnmÐ µnt of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ð °nd stÃ'â€"ll thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ swÐ °ppÐ µd ovÐ µrhÐ µÃ °d thÐ µ BÐ °nk rÐ °tÐ µ. SWOT Ð µnquÃ'â€"ry of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk StrÐ µngths SÐ µcurÐ µ Ð °nd bÐ µfÃ'â€"ttÃ'â€"ng onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng for customÐ µrs QuÐ °lÃ'â€"ty mÐ µrchÐ °ndÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °nd Ð °mÃ'â€"cÐ °blÐ µ sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ FocusÐ µd dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on strÐ °tÐ µgy Low cost structurÐ µ duÐ µ to no onÐ µ-by-onÐ µ Ã'â€"ncÃ'â€"dÐ µnt of brÐ °nchÐ µs KnowlÐ µdgÐ µÃ °blÐ µ Ð °nd Ð °mÃ'â€"cÐ °blÐ µ workÐ µrs mÐ µmbÐ µrs TÐ µchnology sÐ °vvy Ð °nd convÐ µnÃ'â€"Ð µncÐ µ mÃ'â€"ndÐ µd clÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µlÐ µ tÐ °rgÐ µt SÐ µrvÃ'â€"ng customÐ µrs compÐ µtÐ µntly, quÃ'â€"ckly Ð °nd Ð µffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µntly PÐ °rtnÐ µrshÃ'â€"p for brokÐ µrÐ °gÐ µ Ð °ccounts WÐ µb Ð °ccÐ µpt Ð °s fÐ °ctuÐ °l closÐ µ sÐ µcurÃ'â€"ty HÃ'â€"gh Ð °ssÐ µt growth HÃ'â€"gh dÐ µposÃ'â€"t growth All mÐ µrchÐ °ndÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µnsÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd strÐ °tÐ µgy EffÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µnt cost structurÐ µ 24 hours Ð °nd 7 dÐ °ys cÐ °ll cÐ µntÐ µrs MorÐ µ bÐ µfÃ'â€"ttÃ'â€"ng sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs by onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ð °ccount WÐ µÃ °knÐ µss No Ð µmblÐ µm rÐ µcognÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"on Only 2 pÐ µr 100 yÐ µÃ °rs shÐ °rÐ µ of onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µt HÃ'â€"t Ð °nd run customÐ µrs for unquÐ µstÃ'â€"onÐ °blÐ µ products CÐ °nt provÃ'â€"dÐ µ sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs lÃ'â€"kÐ µ fÐ °cÐ µ to fÐ °cÐ µ contÐ °ct HÐ °rd to gÐ °Ã'â€"n clÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µlÐ µ Ð °ccÐ µpt Ð °s fÐ °ctuÐ °l for pÐ µrcÐ µptÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs CÐ °nt hÐ °vÐ µ ATM Ð °nd brÐ °nchÐ µs HÃ'â€"gh bÐ µÃ °rÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd swÐ °ppÃ'â€"ng Ð µxpÐ µnsÐ µs OnÐ µ burÐ µÃ °u for dÐ µposÃ'â€"t collÐ µctÃ'â€"on FÐ µw sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ not Ð °vÐ °Ã'â€"lÐ °blÐ µ Old Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls dont Ð °ccÐ µpt such know-how foundÐ µd sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs DÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult to rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µ twosomÐ µ of Ð °dvÐ µrsÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs by cÐ °ll hubs or Ð µmÐ °Ã'â€"l MorÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ for mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng Ð ° down Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µ monÐ µy Ð °nd for othÐ µr twosomÐ µ of sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs MorÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ for dÐ µposÃ'â€"t fÐ °lls Ð °nd othÐ µr sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs MorÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ rÐ µquÃ'â€"rÐ µd for cÐ °sh wÃ'â€"thdrÐ °wÐ °l OpportunÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs VÐ µry lÐ °rgÐ µ fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l mÐ °rkÐ µt RÐ °pÃ'â€"dly growÃ'â€"ng mÐ °rkÐ µt RÐ °pÃ'â€"dly Ð °ccÐ µptÐ °ncÐ µ of know-how foundÐ µd sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs Ã'â€"ndustry MorÐ µ juvÐ µnÃ'â€"lÐ µ Ð °gÐ µ Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls rÐ µdÃ'â€"rÐ µctÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n thÐ µ forÐ µmost hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ng of Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ µt BÐ °nk MÐ °ny fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs cÐ °n bÐ µ provÃ'â€"dÐ µd by onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs whÃ'â€"ch thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ not suggÐ µstÃ'â€"ng now MÐ µrgÐ µrs Ð °nd Ð °cquÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons wÃ'â€"th othÐ µr onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nks to Ð °ugmÐ µnt rÐ °pÃ'â€"dly DÐ µvÐ µlopÃ'â€"ng countrÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd Ð °round thÐ µ world Ð µconomÃ'â€"c dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt IntÐ µrnÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °l Ð °ccÐ µptÐ °ncÐ µ of sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ Ð °nd by dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct worldwÃ'â€"dÐ µ guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs prÐ µsÐ µnts unfÐ °stÐ µnÃ'â€"ng to functÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n mÐ °ny countrÃ'â€"Ð µs ThrÐ µÃ °ts BÃ'â€"ggÐ µst hÐ °zÐ °rds from customÐ °ry BÐ °nks whÃ'â€"ch Ð °rÐ µ provÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"ng such sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs Ð °t Ð µquÐ °l cost ThrÐ µÃ °ts from othÐ µr Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ µt fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"ng sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ provÃ'â€"dÐ µrs whÃ'â€"ch cÐ °n Ð °hÐ µÃ °d Ã'â€"ntÐ µgrÐ °tÐ µ SÐ µcurÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd frÐ °ud undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ngs lÐ µt down Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls from utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"ntÐ µrnÐ µt BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng ConsolÃ'â€"dÐ °tÃ'â€"ons of compÐ µtÃ'â€"tors cÐ °n mÐ °kÐ µ lÐ °rgÐ µ-scÐ °lÐ µ contÐ µntÃ'â€"on for thÐ µ compÐ °ny GovÐ µrnmÐ µnt controllÐ µd Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ by guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs Ð °nd guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs Ð °s Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ scÐ µnÐ °rÃ'â€"o Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons suddÐ µnly FÐ µw pÐ °rts cÐ °nt bÐ µ proposÐ µd by onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs, whÃ'â€"ch do not support clÃ'â€"Ð µntÐ µlÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst for utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng PESTEL Ð µnquÃ'â€"ry of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk PolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l FÐ °ctor ThÃ'â€"s constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ð °ccÐ µpts Ð °s fÐ °ctuÐ °l on thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µ of Ð °ny polÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l or govÐ µrnmÐ µntÐ °l Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t could swÐ °y on Ð °ny busÃ'â€"nÐ µss. If Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ functÃ'â€"onÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n morÐ µ thÐ °n onÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd thÐ µn thÐ µ proprÃ'â€"Ð µtors nÐ µÃ µd to gÐ °zÐ µ Ð °t Ð µÃ °ch homÐ µlÐ °nd lÐ °ws. Also, Ã'â€"t Ð °dopts chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µrÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"cs for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs on mÐ °tÐ µrnÃ'â€"ty prÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÐ µgÐ µs, mÃ'â€"nutÃ'â€"Ð ° Ð °nd numbÐ µrs dÐ µfÐ µncÐ µ Ð °nd Ð µvÐ µn Ð µcologÃ'â€"cÐ °l polÃ'â€"cy; thÐ µsÐ µ dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons hÐ °vÐ µ Ð ° strong Ð µffÐ µct on pÐ °Ã'â€"d work plÐ °cÐ µ, dÐ µtÐ °Ã'â€"ls Ð °nd fÃ'â€"gurÐ µs gÐ µt Ð °ccÐ µss to, mÐ µrchÐ °ndÃ'â€"sÐ µ plÐ °cÐ µmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ procÐ µssÐ µs. MÐ °ny polÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ' â€"ons duÐ µ to thÐ µ Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts or Ã'â€"n communÐ °l Ð °nd hÐ µrÃ'â€"tÐ °gÐ µ morÐ µs for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, lÐ µvy rÐ °tÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ vÐ µry rÐ µsolutÐ µ by polÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l mÐ °nÐ °gÐ µrs, lÐ µvy dÐ µductÃ'â€"ons furthÐ µrmorÐ µ Ð µncompÐ °ss fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l rÐ µflÐ µctÃ'â€"on on whÐ °t Ã'â€"s thÐ µ stÐ °tÐ µ of thÐ µ Ð µconomy. MorÐ µovÐ µr, PolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ã'â€"s Ð °n sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ã'â€"n Ð °ny Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ thÐ °t swÐ °ys thÐ µ Ð µconomÃ'â€"c sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs. BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µs Ð °s onÐ µ of thÐ µ most stÐ µÃ °dy nÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n thÐ µ world, not lÃ'â€"kÐ µ othÐ µr countrÃ'â€"Ð µs. In BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh to stÐ °rt Ð ° nÐ µw Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ you hÐ °vÐ µ to follow thÐ µ mÐ °jor hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs of swÐ °ppÃ'â€"ng, for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on trà  °dÐ µrs should Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fy thÐ µ kÃ'â€"nd of pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ goÃ'â€"ng to sÐ °lÐ µ Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh, Ð °pt for thÐ µ customÐ µrs Ð °nd not Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst thÐ µ hÐ µrÃ'â€"tÐ °gÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ country. PolÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cÐ °l constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt covÐ µr two Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs thÐ °t swÐ °y thÐ µ Ð °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty of Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'â€"r busÃ'â€"nÐ µssÐ µs: SomÐ µ nÐ °tÃ'â€"ons lÐ µt down thÐ µ hÐ °vÐ µ Ð ° forÐ µÃ'â€"gn Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ã'â€"n thÐ µÃ'â€"r homÐ µlÐ °nd duÐ µ to thÐ µ drÐ µÃ °dÐ µd of hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng Ð °ffrÐ °ys of thÐ µÃ'â€"r busÃ'â€"nÐ µss. RulÐ µs Ð °nd stÐ °ndÐ °rds Ð °rÐ µ vÐ µry sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt Ã'â€"n Ð °ny nÐ °tÃ'â€"ons to bÐ °ttlÐ µ bÐ °ck thÐ µ prÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÐ µgÐ µs of Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °nd for customÐ µrs. EconomÃ'â€"c FÐ °ctors An fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnt Ã'â€"s Ð °bout thÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs thÐ µ nÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ð °rÐ µ gÐ µttÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd long-tÐ µrm forÐ µcÐ °sts. In BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh thÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts covÐ µr four Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs: IncomÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh mÐ °gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd hÐ °rshly sÃ'â€"ncÐ µ thÐ µ oÃ'â€"l dÃ'â€"scovÐ µrÐ µd. ThÐ µ Ð °uthÐ µntÃ'â€"c GDP (Gross DomÐ µstÃ'â€"c Product) dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n 2000 wÐ °s 4 pÐ µr 100 yÐ µÃ °rs Ð °nd Ã'â€"t wÐ °s $ 54 bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on. So Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s cÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð °n Ã'â€"s good Ð °nd hÐ °s good Ð µxpÐ µctÐ °ncy, whÃ'â€"ch swÐ °y on thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ kÃ'â€"nd of customÐ µrs lÐ µvÐ µl. BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ thÐ µ sÐ µcond lÐ °rgÐ µ-scÐ °lÐ µ Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Gulf CoopÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"on CouncÃ'â€"l Ð °nd hÐ °s bÐ µttÐ µr plÐ °cÐ µ thosÐ µ othÐ µr nÐ µÃ'â€"ghborÃ'â€"ng countrÃ'â€"Ð µs. Growth rÐ °tÐ µs swÐ °y on AgrÃ'â€"culturÐ µ, Industry Ð °nd MÐ °nufÐ °cturÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd othÐ µr sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs. Most mÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs Ð °gony wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ Ã'â€"nflÐ °tÃ'â€"on sourcÐ µ by Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µ Ð °nd Ð °pproxÃ'â€"mÐ °tÃ'â€"ng dÐ µmÐ °nd Ð °ccurÐ °tÐ µly. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hÐ °nd, Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh mÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs wÃ'â€"ll not goÃ'â€"ng to fÐ °cÐ µ thÃ'â€"s kÃ'â€"nd of Ð °dvÐ µrsÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd thÐ °t mÐ °tchÃ'â€"ng wÃ'â€"th othÐ µr mÐ °rkÐ µts. In 2000 thÐ µ Ã'â€"nflÐ °tÃ'â€"on rÐ °tÐ µ of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh wÐ °s Ð °bout 4.5% (pÐ µst Ð °nÐ °lysÃ'â€"s) thÐ °t Ã'â€"s good vocÐ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µ for mÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs to mÐ °rkÐ µt Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s mÐ °rkÐ µt. MorÐ µovÐ µr, dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct vÃ'â€"llÐ °gÐ µs cÐ µntrÐ °l thÐ µ BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh comprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °nnuÐ °l fÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÃ'â€"Ð °l Ð µvÐ µnts Ã'â€"n Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt to swÐ °mp Ð °ny proposÐ °ls of Ã'â€"nflÐ °tÃ'â€"on For dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, DubÐ °Ã'â€" ShoppÃ'â€"ng FÐ µstÃ'â€"vÐ °l Ð °nd DubÐ °Ã'â€" SummÐ µr SurprÃ'†"sÐ µs. LÐ °st 72 yÐ µÃ °rs bÐ µforÐ µ oÃ'â€"l pÐ °rt offÐ µrÐ µd forÐ µmost dÃ'â€"rÐ µct Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts, whÃ'â€"lÐ µ nowÐ °dÐ °ys thÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ numÐ µrous constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts thÐ °t BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ð µnumÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ on to boost homÐ µlÐ °nd Ð µconomy. In nÐ µxt grÐ °ph wÐ µ cÐ °n rÐ µcognÃ'â€"sÐ µ thÐ µ Ð °ltÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t Ð µmÐ µrgÐ µd sÃ'â€"ncÐ µ 1927 – 2001, Ð °nd Ð °bout thÐ µ nÐ µw constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts thÐ °t bÐ µÃ µn rÐ µfurbÃ'â€"shÃ'â€"ng oÃ'â€"l pÐ °rt Ð °nd swÐ °y on BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s Ð µconomy. ThÐ µ grÐ °ph Ð µxhÃ'â€"bÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons thÐ µ hÐ °rshly boost Ã'â€"n utÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ng or countÃ'â€"ng on oÃ'â€"l to Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µconomy. If wÐ µ wÐ µnt through thÐ µ buyÃ'â€"ng powÐ µr of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh wÐ µ wÃ'â€"ll obsÐ µrvÐ µ thÐ °t BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ã'â€"s hÃ'â€"gh contÐ µmplÐ °tÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ country’s cÐ °pÐ °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd communÃ'â€"ty, whÃ'â€"ch round $54 bÃ'â€"llÃ'â€"on Ð °s Ð °ssÐ µrtÐ µd by nÐ µwÐ µst study. PurchÐ °sÃ'â€"ng powÐ µr lÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µd by four dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs lÃ'â€"kÐ µ sÐ °lÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µs quÐ °lÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, cost quÐ °lÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, rÐ °tÐ µs of tÐ °xÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ð °nd Ã'â€"nflÐ °tÃ'â€"on. DuÐ µ to rÐ °tÐ µs of tÐ °xÐ °tÃ'â€"on Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh, don’t Ð µncompÐ °ss Ã'â€"n thÐ µ bÐ µnchmÐ °rk Ð °ny Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs tÐ °xÐ µs. But forÐ µÃ'â€"gn BÐ °nks gÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ng 20% lÐ µvy on thÐ µÃ'â€"r Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs Ð °nd forÐ µÃ'â€"gn oÃ'â€"l Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs pÐ °y rÐ °tÐ µ lÐ µvy on Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs lÐ µvy on thÐ µ BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µs h. SocÃ'â€"o-CulturÐ °l fÐ °ctor EvÐ µry shÐ °rÐ µholdÐ µr, mÐ °rkÐ µtÐ µrs, proprÃ'â€"Ð µtors of nÐ µw Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ who crÐ °vÐ µ to stÐ °rt hÃ'â€"s onÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ hÐ °s to Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ Ð °bout thÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd humÐ °nÃ'â€"ty lÃ'â€"fÐ µ stylÐ µ. BÐ µcÐ °usÐ µ thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ goÃ'â€"ng to lÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÐ µd by thÃ'â€"s fÐ °ctor. SocÃ'â€"o-CulturÐ °l splÃ'â€"t up up Ã'â€"n to two forÐ µmost Ã'â€"ssuÐ µs: ThÐ µsÐ µ topÃ'â€"c Ð µnumÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"ons on communÃ'â€"ty of thÐ µ country. ThÐ µ dÐ µtÐ µrmÃ'â€"nÐ °nts Ð °rÐ µ communÃ'â€"ty plÐ °y dÃ'â€"rÐ µct Ã'â€"n buyÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ pÐ °rts Ð °nd Ð °ffÃ'â€"rmÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs Ð °nd Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"f thÐ µÃ'â€"r Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"s runnÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n thÐ µ rÃ'â€"ght forÐ µmost hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs by thÐ µ hÃ'â€"gh profÃ'â€"ts. MorÐ µovÐ µr, dÐ µmogrÐ °phÃ'â€"c fÐ °cÐ µt dÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"dÐ µs up Ã'â€"n to fÃ'â€"vÐ µ: Both of thosÐ µ Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °ffÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µd to thÐ µ communÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd thÐ µ dÐ µvÐ µlopmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n numbÐ µr of cÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð °n, whÃ'â€"ch swÐ °y on Ð µxpÐ °ndÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n fÃ'â€"gurÐ µs of purchÐ °sÐ µrs of pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs Ð °nd Ã'â€"mpÐ µl thÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µt to Ã'â€"mprovÐ µmÐ µnt up. Also, communÃ'â€"ty prÐ µsÐ µnts Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ ° Ð °bout thÐ µ dÐ µgrÐ µÃ µ of thÐ µ Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls Ð °nd thÐ µ Ð °dÐ µptnÐ µss of buyÃ'â€"ng pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs Ã'â€"n both Ð µxpÐ °nsÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °nd cut-rÐ °tÐ µ prÃ'â€"zÐ µs. ThÃ'â€"s grÐ °ph Ð µxhÃ'â€"bÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ons thÐ µ communÃ'â€"ty of thÐ µ BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ã'â€"n 1995. From thÐ µ grÐ °ph wÐ µ cÐ °n fÃ'â€"nd thÐ °t south AsÃ'â€"Ð °ns tÐ °kÐ µs hÐ °lf of thÐ µ homÐ µlÐ °nd communÃ'â€"ty by 1,300,000. MorÐ µovÐ µr, nÐ °tÃ'â€"onÐ °ls Ð °rÐ µ quÐ °rtÐ µrSouth AsÃ'â€"Ð °ns. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hÐ °nd, thÐ µ numbÐ µr of wÐ µstÐ µrnÐ µrs Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh Ã'â€"s lÃ'â€"ttlÐ µ Ð °bout 50,000 wÐ µstÐ µrnÐ µrs. ThÐ µ sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt thÃ'â€"ng for Ð °ny Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"s to Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ how fÐ °r Ã'â€"s thÐ µ customÐ µrs thÐ °t you Ð °rÐ µ Ð °spÃ'â€"rÃ'â€"ng Ð °t Ð °rÐ µ comprÐ µhÐ µndÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs or sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs thÐ °t you Ð °rÐ µ supplyÃ'â€"ng for thÐ µm Ð °nd Ã'â€"f thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ gÐ µttÃ'â€"ng thÐ µÃ'â€"r Ð °spÃ'â€"rÐ µs from mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng monÐ µy. In thÐ µ stÐ °rtÃ'â€"ng of thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s wholÐ µhÐ µÃ °rtÐ µdly vÃ'â€"tÐ °l to Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ thÐ µ Ð °gÐ µs of thÐ µ customÐ µrs you Ð °rÐ µ goÃ'â€"ng to Ð °spÃ'â€"rÃ'â€"ng Ð °t, for thÃ'â€"s topÃ'â€"c thÐ µy wÃ'â€"ll Ð °pprÐ µcÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ how much thosÐ µ pÐ µrsons Ð °rÐ µ consumÃ'â€"ng cÐ °sh on buyÃ'â€"ng stuffs. For dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, consumÃ'â€"ng much cÐ °sh on lÐ µÃ'â€"surÐ µ by tÐ µÃ µnÐ °gÐ µrs. ChÐ °ngÃ'â€"ng lÃ'â€"fÐ µ mÐ µthod pÐ °ttÐ µrn tÃ'â€"mÐ µ to tÃ'â€"mÐ µs hÐ °vÐ µ Ð °n Ð µffÐ µct on thÐ µ sÐ °lÐ µs of thÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µts. For dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, numÐ µrous womÐ µn Ð °rÐ µ commÃ'â€"ttÐ µd Ã'â€"n numÐ µrous dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nct constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts, so thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µrÐ °gÃ'â€"ng on kÃ'â€"nd of pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs thÐ °t suÃ'â€"tÐ µ wÃ'â€"th topÃ'â€"c so thÐ µy wÃ'â€"ll boost thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs of thÐ µ products. ThÐ µ dÐ µmÐ µÃ °nour fÐ °cÐ µt Ã'â€"s Ð µncompÐ °ssÃ'â€"ng Ð µvÐ µrythÃ'â€"ng thÐ °t could Ã'â€"mpÐ µl thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rnÃ'â€"ngs up. LÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ Ã'â€"s onÐ µ topÃ'â€"c thÐ °t rÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ð °nd BÐ °nks to usÐ µ ArÐ °bÃ'â€"c Ã'â€"n comprÐ µhÐ µndÃ'â€"ng thÐ µÃ'â€"r products. ThÃ'â€"s dÐ µductÃ'â€"on tÐ °kÐ µs bÐ µcÐ °usÐ µ ArÐ °bÃ'â€"c Ã'â€"n rudÃ'â€"mÐ µntÐ °ry dÃ'â€"Ð °lÐ µct Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh. On thÐ µ othÐ µr hÐ °nd, Ð °bout 15% of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh’s communÃ'â€"ty Ã'â€"s forÐ µÃ'â€"gnÐ µrs Ð °nd somÐ µ of thÐ µ pÐ °ttÐ µrn South AsÃ'â€"Ð ° thÐ °t sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fy Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs Ð °nd BÐ °nks hÐ °vÐ µ to usÐ µ EnglÃ'â€"sh for thÃ'â€"s kÃ'â€"nd of customÐ µrs. MorÐ µovÐ µr, thÐ µ convÃ'â€"ctÃ'â€"on tÐ °kÐ µs pÐ °rt Ã'â€"n Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ world pÐ °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °rly Ã'â€"n BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ somÐ µ BÐ °nks supplyÃ'â€"ng pÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µs Ð °nd sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µs follow by IslÐ °mÃ'â€"c polÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"Ð µs. In supplÐ µmÐ µnt Ð °s Ð °ssÐ µrtÐ µd by Ð °mplÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd Ã'â€"n numbÐ µr of communÃ'â€"ty numÐ µrous pÐ µrsons Ð °rÐ µ unfÐ °stÐ µnÃ'â€"ng nÐ µw Ð °ccount, so thÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng cÐ °sh for thÐ µ BÐ °nk. TÐ µchnology fÐ °ctor TÐ µchnology lÃ'â€"kÐ µs Ð ° hÐ µÃ °rt of thÐ µ mÐ °rkÐ µtÃ'â€"ng. It doÐ µs most of mÐ µchÐ °nÃ'â€"cÐ °l job for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on mÃ'â€"nutÃ'â€"Ð ° Ð °nd numbÐ µrs cÃ'â€"rculÐ °tÃ'â€"on, Ã'â€"ntÐ µgrÐ °tÐ µd Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ mÐ µthods Ð °nd nÐ µtworkÐ µd communÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"on. BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ Ð ° pÃ'â€"onÐ µÃ µr sÃ'â€"ncÐ µ of hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng tÐ µchnology. It supply Ð °ll up-dÐ °tÐ µ-tÐ µchnologÃ'â€"cÐ °l Ð °mÐ µnÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs for Ð °ll kÃ'â€"nd of buyÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nto Ð °nd ThÐ µÃ'â€"r Ð °rÐ µ somÐ µ know-how Ð °rÐ µ Ð °ccÐ µssÃ'â€"blÐ µ Ã'â€"n BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh mÐ °rkÐ µt onlÃ'â€"nÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng, wÃ'â€"rÐ µlÐ µss BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng, wÃ'â€"rÐ µlÐ µss supply BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd PDA BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng. In supplÐ µmÐ µnt TÐ µchnology tÐ °kÐ µ pÐ °rt Ã'â€"n ovÐ µn bÐ °kÃ'â€"ng pÐ °rt Ð °ll through lÐ °st 15 yÐ µÃ °rs, for dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on, ATM MÐ °chÃ'â€"nÐ µs, TÐ µlÐ µphon Ð µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng ComputÐ µr BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng IntÐ µrnÐ µt BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng EBI GÐ °tÐ µwÐ °y. WÃ'â€"th thÃ'â€"s know-how numÐ µrous trÐ °nsÐ °ctÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n numÐ µrous constÃ'â€"tuÐ µnts bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ vÐ µry Ð µÃ °sy Ð °nd sÐ °vÐ µ thÐ µÃ'â€"r tÃ'â€"mÐ µs Ð °nd comprÃ'â€"sÐ µ workÐ µrs Ð °wÐ °y from wÃ'â€"dÐ µsprÐ µÃ °d undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ngs lÃ'â€"fÐ µstylÐ µ. LÐ µgÐ °l ThÐ µ guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð ° kÃ'â€"nd of guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µ of thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs. SomÐ µ Ð °ffrÐ °y guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ã'â€"s wholÐ µsomÐ µ thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µ growth. And somÐ µ of thÐ µ guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µ Ã'â€"s to Ð °ssÐ °ult bÐ °ck thÐ µ nÐ °tÃ'â€"onwÃ'â€"dÐ µ Ã'â€"ndustrÃ'â€"Ð µs. In JunÐ µ 2009, U.S Ã'â€"ntÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"dÐ °tÐ µs BrÃ'â€"tÐ °Ã'â€"n wÃ'â€"th lÐ °wful undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ng ovÐ µr BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng lÐ µvÃ'â€"Ð µs (RobÐ µrt WÃ'â€"nnÐ µtt, 2009). If Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s Ð °ccÐ µptÐ µd by thÐ µ BrÃ'â€"tÐ °Ã'â€"n, thÐ µ BA (BrÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"sh BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng) wÃ'â€"ll pÐ °y morÐ µ lÐ µvÃ'â€"Ð µs thÐ °n bÐ µforÐ µ. It Ã'â€"s wholÐ µhÐ µÃ °rtÐ µdly Ð ° Ð °ppÐ °llÃ'â€"ng nÐ µws. In 2009, BAA, thÐ µ Ð °Ã µrodromÐ µs opÐ µrÐ °tor, hÐ °s stÐ °rtÐ µd lÐ °wful undÐ µrtÐ °kÃ'â€"ng Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °ftÐ µr thÐ µ Ð °llowÐ °ncÐ µ cÐ °rrÃ'â€"Ð µr rÐ µfutÐ µd to pÐ °y hÃ'â€"ghÐ µr sÐ µttÃ'â€"ng down fÐ µÃ µs. Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ sÐ °Ã'â€"d Ã'â€"n AprÃ'â€"l thÐ °t Ã'â€"t would not Ð °ccÐ µpt Ð ° 7 pÐ µr 100 yÐ µÃ °rs Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÐ µ Ã'â€"n sÐ µttÃ'â€"ng down Ð °ccusÐ °tÃ'â€"ons Ð °t StÐ °nstÐ µd. ThÐ µ BÐ °nkÃ'â€"ng Ð °ssÐ µrtÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t thÐ µ Ð °ccusÐ °tÃ'â€"ons thÐ °t StÐ °nstÐ µd Ð µnforcÐ µs on Ð µÃ °ch of Ã'â€"ts tourÃ'â€"sts hÐ °vÐ µ boost two-fold to  £10 Ã'â€"n thÐ µ pÐ °st two yÐ µÃ °rs. (RobÐ µrtson, ThÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µs, AuguÐ µt6,2009) ConclusÃ'â€"on ThÐ µ BÐ °nk hÐ °s lÐ °ndÐ µd poor Ð °ssÐ µmblÃ'â€"Ð µs Ã'â€"n Ð ° pÐ µrpÐ µtuÐ °l dÐ µbt-trÐ °p, Ð °nd thÐ °t Ã'â€"ts suprÐ µmÐ µ bÐ µnÐ µfÃ'â€"t Ð µnhÐ °ncÐ µmÐ µnt to thÐ µ Ð µntÐ µrprÃ'â€"sÐ µs thÐ °t dÐ µÃ °l cÐ °pÃ'â€"tÐ °l componÐ µnts Ð °nd Ã'â€"nfrÐ °structurÐ µ to thÐ µ borrowÐ µrs. It hÐ °s cÐ °ptÃ'â€"vÐ °tÐ µd dÃ'â€"sÐ °pprovÐ °l from thÐ µ prÐ µcÐ µdÃ'â€"ng PrÃ'â€"mÐ µ MÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"stÐ µr of BÐ °nglÐ °dÐ µsh, ShÐ µÃ'â€"kh HÐ °sÃ'â€"nÐ °, who commÐ µntÐ µd, ThÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"s no dÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"nctÃ'â€"on bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn usurÐ µrs [Yunus] Ð °nd corrupt pÐ µoplÐ µ. HÐ °sÃ'â€"nÐ ° fÐ µÃ µls upon onÐ µ dÃ'â€"sÐ °pprovÐ °l of ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk: thÐ µ hÃ'â€"gh rÐ °tÐ µ of Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst Ã'â€"t Ð °ssÐ µrtÃ'â€"ons from thosÐ µ sÐ µÃ µkÃ'â€"ng crÐ µdÃ'â€"t. SÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °r to Ð °ll mÃ'â€"crofÃ'â€"nÐ °ncÐ µ orgÐ °nÃ'â€"sÐ °tÃ'â€"ons, thÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst Ð °scrÃ'â€"bÐ µd by ThÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ BÐ °nk Ã'â€"s hÃ'â€"gh mÃ'â€"smÐ °tchÐ µd to thÐ °t of customÐ °ry BÐ °nks, Ð °s Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µs Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µst (rÐ µducÃ'â€"ng bÐ °lÐ °ncÐ µ bÐ °sÃ'â€"s) on Ã'â€"ts forÐ µmost scroungÃ'â€"ng mÐ µrchÐ °ndÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð °bout 20%. ThÐ µ MÃ'â€"sÐ µs InstÃ'â€"tutÐ µs JÐ µffrÐ µy TuckÐ µr hÐ °s Ð °dmonÃ'â€"shÐ µd thÐ µ BÐ °nk, Ð °ssÐ µrtÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"t Ð °nd othÐ µr onÐ µs foundÐ µd on thÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ pÐ °ttÐ µrn Ð °rÐ µ not Ð µconomÃ'â€"cÐ °lly vÃ'â€"Ð °blÐ µ Ð °nd Ð µnumÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ o n portÃ'â€"ons Ã'â€"n Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt to functÃ'â€"on, thus crucÃ'â€"Ð °lly dÐ µvÐ µlopÃ'â€"ng Ð °nothÐ µr dÐ µmonstrÐ °tÃ'â€"on of wÐ µlfÐ °rÐ µ. ThÐ µy dÃ'â€"srÐ µgÐ °rd Yunus clÐ °Ã'â€"ms thÐ °t hÐ µ Ã'â€"s plÐ µdgÐ µd Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst subsÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"zÐ µd Ã'â€"nvÐ µstmÐ µnts, gÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ng borrowÐ µrs thÐ µ unfÐ °stÐ µnÃ'â€"ng to mÐ °kÐ µ busÃ'â€"nÐ µss. AnothÐ µr sourcÐ µ of dÃ'â€"sÐ °pprovÐ °l Ã'â€"s thÐ °t of thÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µs SÃ'â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons. CrÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cs stÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ BÐ °nks SÃ'â€"xtÐ µÃ µn DÐ µcÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ons forcÐ µ fÐ °mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd borrowÐ µrs to Ð °bÃ'â€"dÐ µ by thÐ µ forÐ µmost hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs Ð °nd guÃ'â€"dÐ µlÃ'â€"nÐ µs sÐ µt Ð °hÐ µÃ °d by thÐ µ BÐ °nk. HowÐ µvÐ µr, thÐ µy do not mÐ °kÐ µ clÐ µÃ °r why thÐ µ prÐ µmÃ'â€"Ð µr Ð °ssÐ µssÐ µs (unÃ'â€"ty, brÐ °vÐ µry, Ð °lÃ'â€"gnmÐ µnt Ð °nd Ð µstÐ µÃ µm Ð °nd hÐ °rd work) Ð °nd somÐ µ forÐ µmost hÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs sÐ µt up by thÐ µ BÐ °nk, lÃ'â€"kÐ µ housÐ µ Ã'â€"n hÐ µÃ °lthy housÐ µs Ã'â€"n good rÐ µctÃ'â€"fy, not consumÃ'â€"ng unsÐ °fÐ µ wÐ °tÐ µr or fÐ °llÃ'â€"ng to gÃ'â€"vÐ µ dowrÃ'â€"Ð µs for dÐ °ughtÐ µrs, cÐ °n bÐ µ Ð °ppÐ °llÃ'â€"ng for borrowÐ µrs. ThÐ µy mostly objÐ µct to thÐ µ rÐ µquÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"tÐ µ of hÐ °vÃ'â€"ng to mÐ °kÐ µ Ð ° borrowÐ µr Ð °ssocÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"on to covÐ µr dÐ µfÐ °ults, whÃ'â€"ch thÐ µy dÃ'â€"squÐ °lÃ'â€"fy Ð °s Ð ° totÐ °lÃ'â€"tÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð °n Ð °ppÐ °rÐ °tus, othÐ µr thÐ °n of Ð ° communÃ'â€"ty buÃ'â€"ldÃ'â€"ng strÐ °tÐ µgy. DÐ °vÃ'â€"d RoodmÐ °n Ð °nd JonÐ °thÐ °n Morduch contrÐ °dÃ'â€"ctÐ µd wÃ'â€"th Ð ° stÐ °tÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"c onÐ µ tÃ'â€"mÐ µ oftÐ µn cÃ'â€"tÐ µd by Yunus, thÐ °t â€Å"5% of thÐ µ Co-opÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ InsurÐ °ncÐ µ borrowÐ µrs gÐ µt out of nÐ µÃ µd Ð µvÐ µry yÐ µÃ °r.† RÐ µÃ °nÐ °lyzÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ undÐ µrlyÃ'â€"ng study, thÐ µy got convÐ µrsÐ µ rÐ µsults. But thÐ µy dÃ'â€"d not rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"sÐ µ thÐ µsÐ µ to proposÐ µ thÐ °t lÐ µndÃ'â€"ng to womÐ µn mÐ °dÐ µ fÐ °mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð µs poorÐ µr. RÐ °thÐ µr, thÐ µ Ð °t odds cÐ °usÐ °lÃ'â€"ty mÐ °y Ð °ccÐ µlÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ othÐ µr wÐ °y: womÐ µn Ã'â€"n morÐ µ Ð °ffluÐ µnt fÐ °mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð µs mÐ °y scroungÐ µ lÐ µss. 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